Protocolos de tratamiento a la COVID-19: aproximación desde una perspectiva farmacoterapéutica
Palabras clave:
COVID-19, efectividad, eficacia, protocolos, seguridad.
Resumen
La introducción de los protocolos y guías de actuación clínica en los contextos sanitarios ha jugado un papel esencial en el combate a la COVID-19. Es por ello que el presente trabajo muestra los resultados derivados de una revisión narrativa realizada para describir el diseño e implementación de protocolos para el tratamiento a la COVID-19 en diferentes contextos sanitarios, desde el análisis de criterios farmacoterapéuticos. La metodología de Zillmer de 2018 fue utilizada, estableciéndose criterios para la inclusión de las publicaciones. De acuerdo con este criterio fueron identificadas 48 publicaciones, entre las que se incluyeron publicaciones originales, ensayos clínicos, estudios de revisión, descriptivos y de intervención. Se analizaron las intervenciones farmacológicas realizadas por cinco protocolos correspondientes a la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), Brasil, Estados Unidos, China y Cuba. Las guías de la OMS y Estados Unidos realizaron recomendaciones a favor del uso de corticoesteroides sistémicos y anticuerpos monoclonales y no recomendaron el uso de hidroxicloroquina, lopinavir/ritonavir y remdesivir (solo en el caso de la OMS) basados en los resultados de los ensayos RECOVERY, REMAP-CAP y SOLIDARITY. China y Cuba recomiendan el uso de la cloroquina, lopinavir/ritonavir y los interferones. Cuba recomienda el uso de anticuerpos monoclonales entre los que resaltan nuevos productos que evidencian el avance de su investigación biotecnológica. Por su parte el protocolo de Brasil abarca limitadas recomendaciones entre las que se encuentra evitar el uso de corticoesteroides sistémicos. La generalidad de medicamentos utilizados para el tratamiento de la COVID-19 carecen de evidencia científica suficiente que respalde su uso y actualmente se encuentran en fase de investigación, por lo que los protocolos están sujetos a cambios conforme avanzan dichas investigaciones. Sin embargo, la información científica disponible y basada en la evidencia, ha contribuido a la toma de decisiones farmacoterapéuticas para el enfrentamiento a la pandemia en los países.
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Dong, L., Hu, S., & Gao, J. (2020). Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug discoveries & therapeutics, 14(1), 58-60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32147628/
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Gendrot, M., Javelle, E., Clerc, A., Savini, H., & Pradines, B. (2020). Chloroquine as a prophylactic agent against COVID-19? https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340597303_Chloroquine_as_prophylactic_agent_against_COVID-19
Gorbalenya A. E., Baker S. C., Baric, R.S., Groot, R.J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A.A., Haagmans, B.L., Lauber, C., Leontovich, A.M., Neuman, B.W., Penzar, D., Perlman, S., Poon, L.L., Samborskiy, D.V., Sidorov, I.A., Sola, I., & Ziebuhr, J. (2020). The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nature microbiology, 5(4), 536. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0695-z
Herrera, D., & Gaus, D. (2020). Enfermedad por covid-19 o sars-cov-2: guía clínica y de manejo. Práctica Familiar Rural, 5(1). https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/view/146/188
Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., ... & Pöhlmann, S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. cell, 181(2), 271-280. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420302294
Li, G., & De Clercq, E. (2020). Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nature reviews Drug discovery, 19(3), 149-150. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32127666/
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Publicado
2022-09-08
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Astorga González, B., & Dupotey Varela, N. M. (2022). Protocolos de tratamiento a la COVID-19: aproximación desde una perspectiva farmacoterapéutica. Orange Journal, 4(7), 16-32. https://doi.org/10.46502/issn.2710-995X/2022.7.02
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